“There are numerous causes to increase the story we inform about philosophy. However a essential motive is simply that the very best, most attention-grabbing, and even the proper solutions to philosophical questions that curiosity us could be discovered wherever.”
The next is a visitor submit* by Alexander Guerrero, Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers College. It’s the second in a series of weekly visitor posts by totally different authors at Each day Nous this summer.
[Gaba Meschac – Globallon (detail)]
To Be a Division of Philosophy
by Alexander Guerrero
The career of philosophy and the schooling of philosophy college students—at each the undergraduate and graduate stage—should change.
It has now been virtually precisely six years since Jay Garfield and Bryan Van Norden printed their “If Philosophy Won’t Diversify, Let’s Call It What It Really Is” within the New York Occasions, and it has been 5 years since Van Norden printed his follow-up guide, Taking Again Philosophy: A Multicultural Manifesto. They and plenty of others have been mentioning, for years, that the overwhelming majority of philosophy departments in america (and most different components of the Anglophone world) provide programs solely from one strand of the world’s philosophical traditions, the Anglo-European strand. (And even inside that strand, it’s slim, giving prominence to Historical Greece, France, Germany, the UK, and the US.)
As these of us who went by such applications know, this story begins in Historical Greece with fragments of Thales and Parmenides and some others, and significantly extra from Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle; skips ahead to Medieval Europe and Anselm and Aquinas (or skips this era solely); continues by a couple of distinguished ‘early trendy’ or ‘trendy’ Anglo/European males (Descartes, Hobbes, Locke, Hume, Kant, possibly additionally some Leibniz, Spinoza, and Rousseau); picks up a couple of others within the 19th Century (Bentham, Hegel, Nietzsche, Marx, Mill); and arrives with an early 20th century philosophy origin story that goes by Frege, Russell, Carnap, Wittgenstein and into central figures like Quine, Kripke, Lewis, Rawls; after which a topically-driven give attention to many distinct philosophers within the final quarter of the 20th Century and early 21st Century on the analytic facet (substitute Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Derrida, Merleau-Ponty, Deleuze, Foucault, and so forth., on the continental facet). The dominant model of the story contains no chapters on African, Chinese language, Indian, Latin American, or Indigenous or Native American voices or views; nothing (or virtually nothing) from the lengthy grand traditions intertwined with Buddhism, Islam, or Judaism; nothing from different non-Anglo-Europeans.
This story of philosophy has been overwhelmingly male, overwhelmingly white, and, as Garfield and Van Norden are at pains to level out, overwhelmingly Anglo-European, dominated by Europe, the UK, and, becoming a member of later, america. Why is that this the story that has been informed, time and again, to undergraduates transferring by philosophy applications? Why is that this the story that we proceed to inform by our main necessities and PhD distribution necessities?
There are two broad households of solutions. The primary goals at justification and vindication: listed here are the substantive, justifying the explanation why that is what we train and require and put on the heart of ‘Philosophy’ in our instructional establishments. The second goals at debunking these justifications (arguing that there isn’t a justification for doing issues this fashion) and supplementing that with prognosis and historicization: listed here are the empirical explanations for why this what we do; discover that there are not any justifying causes in that story, nor no new justifying causes to embrace now.
The primary form of reply makes a substantive declare about philosophy. It claims that, in sticking to the story above, we train and require all the pieces that’s most centrally well-described as philosophy. We miss, or put to the margins, work that’s simply faith, or anthropology, or literature, or cultural research, or “thought” that doesn’t represent philosophy.
I’m undecided anybody nonetheless actually believes this. At any fee, they shouldn’t.
This sort of reply requires (a) that there’s some form of meta-philosophical view for sorting issues as ‘philosophy’ or not, (b) that it’s a pretty, non-question-begging meta-philosophical view, (c) that these telling this normal story agree on this view and use it to kind work into the ‘philosophy’ basket or not, (d) that this view compels us to incorporate what we train and require however exclude what we don’t at the moment cowl, and (e) that this sorting simply occurs to incorporate solely Anglo-European work and virtually nothing from non-Anglo-Europeans previous to 1950 or 1960 or one thing like that (at which level Jaegwon Kim and some others get to grow to be the very first non-Anglo-Europeans ever to do philosophy!). (Or maybe there isn’t only one meta-philosophical view that every one agree on, however, by wonderful coincidence, the assorted meta-philosophical views are all such that they get extensionally equal outcomes relating to (d) and (e)?) That’s already rather a lot to swallow. I do know that, a minimum of within the locations I’ve been, I might not anticipate any form of broad meta-philosophical settlement, nor has there been any current sorting or meta-philosophical dialogue. What would the meta-philosophical view be? One thing about arguments? Arguments about sure subjects? Counterexamples—from inside and out of doors our normal story—abound. Garfield and Van Norden provide many of those.
However, much more decisively, we will inform that this isn’t what is absolutely happening, due to the second issue with this reply: those that endorse it have both no or solely glancing acquaintance with work from these different traditions, so the precise clarification for inclusion or exclusion can’t be some devoted, cautious software of a pretty meta-philosophical precept. Nor can we defer to our smart forefathers (they usually have been actually virtually all males) who first crafted this story by utilizing some (now forgotten) stunning meta-philosophical sorting precept. We’d not know that a lot about them, however one of many issues we do know is that they, too, knew little or no about any work that isn’t a part of the usual story.
I anticipate that the majority of us train and examine in departments wherein we simply inherited the essential construction of protection and the (at greatest) implicit understanding of philosophy revealed by that construction. These are the programs on the books, these are the professors now we have to show them, that is what I realized about in my philosophy schooling, these are the readers and textbooks we use, that is what we find out about already, so, that is philosophy.
Clearly, that’s not any form of argument towards substantive justification. We’d attempt to provide you with some makes an attempt at submit hoc rationalizations, however, as soon as we acknowledge we don’t know something in any respect about what’s within the shadows, why ought to we proceed to take care of that the pedagogical gentle is shining in simply the fitting place?
The principle reply to it is a human one: it’s pure to really feel defensive and protecting of what you’ve gotten come to know and love. The very important level—a minimum of by my lights—is that the issue with the usual story isn’t what it contains: what all of us have come to know and love is, in lots of deep methods, vital and exquisite. It is sensible that we wish it to be taught and studied perpetually. The issue with the usual story is solely about what it excludes. Determining the right way to transfer ahead, determining the right way to start telling a distinct, broader story, requires trying backward to higher perceive these patterns of exclusion. The second form of reply to the ‘why this story’ query—the debunking and historicizing reply—helps us in that regard.
The second reply to our preliminary query of why that is the story of philosophy that we provide focuses on historic components, explaining why we’re on this scenario with out purporting to justify it. The lengthy model of this story would have to be informed by somebody with extra data and historic and sociological experience than I’ve. Randall Collins, in his unbelievably complete masterpiece, The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change, tells some related components of this story, specializing in the shift of philosophy into universities, specific networks of philosophers and intellectuals and the tales they inform about their very own origins, and the gradual accumulation and ossification of a narrative as generations of scholars encounter it and study the important thing figures inside that story (and, simply as importantly, don’t study different issues).
Most of us who went into philosophy didn’t know all that a lot about what it was; we realized through instance and ostension: this, these texts, the writings and concepts of those folks, is philosophy. We have now been informed varied issues to justify this specific set of individuals, these beginning factors and texts. However usually what we have been informed is simply one thing mentioned on the primary day or two of sophistication, not rigorously questioned or challenged even by these telling us the story. We’re all, in spite of everything, largely philosophers, fascinated about philosophy, not mental historians, fascinated about mental historical past. As soon as now we have some attention-grabbing philosophy in entrance of us, we’d not be inclined to ask all that many questions on what we haven’t been proven and why.
So, for a lot of the current historical past of philosophical schooling within the Anglo-European world, what was pointed 75 years in the past continues to be what’s within the story as we speak. Martin Luther King Jr.’s syllabus for an introductory social and political philosophy class he taught at Morehouse Faculty 60 years in the past might be an identical to at least one that could be taught as we speak.
Martin Luther King, Jr.’s define for his social philosophy seminar at Morehouse Faculty
For some important a part of that point, a lot of these doing the pointing have plausibly had biases towards work by girls and work by non-White folks. Racism and sexism are a part of the story of exclusion.
However one other key a part of the story is only a story of cycles of ignorance: your lecturers don’t find out about X, so that they don’t train you about X, so that you don’t find out about X, so once you train you don’t train about X, so your college students don’t find out about X… It could be that what falls underneath ‘X’ is a results of racism and sexism. It may additionally simply be a matter of what’s simply accessible at a specific time and place. We reside at a time of unprecedented entry to texts, concepts, and traditions from all through historical past and from world wide, along with refined scholarly commentary on and distillation of all these texts, concepts, and traditions.
These components of the reason counsel excellent news and concrete steps for the challenge of starting to inform a distinct story. I’ll counsel six such steps, regarding each undergraduate and graduate philosophical schooling. These may not all be equally simple to implement, relying on one’s specific native scenario. However I hope that a lot of them may be taken up by these concerned with philosophical schooling in virtually any instructional setting.
(1) Proceed Your Philosophical Schooling
First suggestion: in the event you frequently train philosophy, see it as a private challenge to develop competence with materials in your areas of specialization and/or competence from a philosophical custom outdoors of the Anglo-European custom that might be introduced into your common instructing (and maybe additionally your advising and analysis).
Only a few individuals who graduated with an undergraduate diploma and a PhD in Philosophy from colleges in North America, Australia, or the UK may have had any programs in any of Africana, Buddhist, Chinese language, Indigenous or Native American, Indian, Islamic, Jewish, Latin American, or some other non-Anglo-European philosophical work. That is the central mechanism of the vicious cycle of ignorance that retains us the place we’re. The one solution to get out of the cycle is for many people who have been uncovered solely to the usual story to do some work. We are able to’t anticipate another person to do it. We aren’t instructing anyone else to do it. As Garfield and Van Norden wrote in 2016:
The overwhelming majority of philosophy departments in america provide programs solely on philosophy derived from Europe and the English-speaking world. For instance, of the 118 doctoral applications in philosophy in america and Canada, solely 10 % have a specialist in Chinese language philosophy as a part of their common college. Most philosophy departments additionally provide no programs on Africana, Indian, Islamic, Jewish, Latin American, Native American or different non-European traditions. Certainly, of the highest 50 philosophy doctoral applications within the English-speaking world, solely 15 % have any common college members who train any non-Western philosophy.
Little or no has modified on this regard prior to now six years. There are wonderful folks working in these areas, however there are merely not but sufficient people who find themselves consultants in these areas, and the overwhelming majority of PhD applications in Philosophy aren’t producing individuals who work or train in these areas.
Fortuitously, one factor that’s altering considerably are the sources out there to folks for their very own persevering with philosophical schooling with respect to work from outdoors the usual story.
There’s a new program, the Northeast Workshop to Learn About Multicultural Philosophy (‘NEWLAMP’), which has this as its central function. Twenty philosophy instructors from throughout the nation will meet in July to increase their data of African and African social and political philosophy. Future iterations will cowl totally different traditions and subjects. Extra such applications needs to be created.
However there are additionally many issues one can use on one’s personal, or in a small studying group. Final Spring, I ran a studying group on African, Latin American, and Native American philosophy over Zoom. This was very enjoyable and comparatively simple to do. All of the readings and plan can be found here, and plenty of different related teams might be organized, masking all method of subjects.
Maybe the single-most outstanding useful resource, The History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps challenge, now has intensive protection of Islamic Philosophy, Indian Philosophy, and African Philosophy, because of the actually wonderful work of Peter Adamson, Jonardon Ganeri, and Chike Jeffers, amongst others. The longer term plan contains protection of historic China with the assistance of Karyn Lai. It’s helpfully organized chronologically but in addition listed thematically, in order that one might be taught nearly aesthetics or ethics or mereology.
Acquainted sources, just like the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy and Philosophy Compass, are considerably increasing their protection of philosophical work from outdoors the Anglo-European custom. For instance, Guillermo Hurtado and Robert Eli Sanchez have created a outstanding overview entry for the SEP on Philosophy in Mexico, there’s a incredible entry on metaphilosophical questions concerning ‘Latin American Philosophy’ authored by Susana Nuccetelli, and Stephanie Rivera Berruz has written a superb entry on Latin American Feminism. Philosophy Compass has new Part Areas on African and African Philosophy, Indian Philosophy, Latinx and Latin American Philosophy, and Native American and Indigenous Philosophy, to accompany the longstanding Part on Chinese Philosophy. Maintain a watch out for articles that can useful each for professors trying to get their bearings and for assigning to college students. Additionally, take a look at The Philosophical Forum, as Alexus McLeod (a world professional on a number of totally different philosophical traditions from outdoors the usual story) has been introduced on as the brand new Editor of that journal, and he goals to make it a number one discussion board for work from all philosophical traditions.
There are a number of nice blogs and different on-line communities to assist one get a way of the folks engaged on these subjects now, and to grow to be accustomed to a few of the subjects and points. Warp, Weft, and Way, specializing in Chinese language and Comparative Philosophy, is without doubt one of the most energetic and oldest blogs. 20th Century Mexican Philosophy gives dialogue and hyperlinks to many useful sources. The Weblog of the APA has been operating a collection of posts on instructing materials from outdoors the standard canon, akin to this splendidly useful entry by Liam Kofi Vivid and Peter Adamson, So You Want to Teach Some Africana Philosophy?
The Center for New Narratives in Philosophy, directed by Christia Mercer, is creating occasions and different sources aimed toward bringing work from outdoors of the usual story into view. This features a guide collection, the Oxford New Histories of Philosophy (co-edited with Melvin Rogers), which brings each main texts and secondary supplies serving to to make accessible and “out there, usually for the primary time, concepts and works by girls, folks of shade, and actions in philosophy’s previous that have been groundbreaking of their day however overlooked of conventional accounts.”
Bryan Van Norden has put collectively a outstanding bibliography of readings on Africana, Chinese language, Christian, Indian, Indigenous, Islamic, Jewish, and Latin American philosophy, together with many beneficial solutions underneath the heading ‘The place Ought to I Begin?’ for every of those areas.
As I hope is obvious, though it may need been exhausting to know the place to start 10 or 15 years in the past when interested by attempting to be taught extra, it’s significantly simpler now. Please point out different sources within the feedback!
(2) Make Connections at Your Establishment
There are virtually actually philosophers and folks instructing and finding out philosophy outdoors of your house establishment’s division. They’re fairly prone to be instructing and finding out philosophical work from outdoors the usual story. They could be in Departments of Faith, East Asian Research, Historical past, American Research, Africana Research, Comparative Literature, and so forth. Find out about who they’re. Attain out to them. Construct connections between them and the Philosophy division. Co-teach with them. Co-organize conferences with them. Encourage your Philosophy college students to take their courses. Cross-list their courses with Philosophy. Give them a presence in your departmental webpage. Maybe, if it is sensible, pursue giving them extra institutional energy inside Philosophy (by joint-appointments and so forth).
(3) Create Programs to Increase Your Division’s Story About Philosophy
After you have recognized what’s already supplied at your establishment, take into consideration what isn’t being coated, even when these programs are introduced additionally into philosophy, and be taught sufficient to create introductory programs on that subject or to convey that materials into present programs. That is truly among the best methods to take up the primary suggestion, as nothing helps one be taught a subject greater than instructing it.
At many establishments, it’s not very troublesome to get a brand new course on the books. In my expertise, it was very simple to get institutional approval for a brand new course on African, Latin American, and Native American Philosophy. (You may examine my experience in that regard.) Most departments at most establishments are already approach forward of Philosophy in increasing the story they current to college students, and directors are excited when this occurs. My philosophy colleagues have all the time been nothing however supportive on this regard. I anticipate yours will probably be, too.
There’s now a outstanding collection of syllabi collected by the American Philosophical Affiliation on subjects in all of those areas. These are wonderful for making it simple on new instructors, so that you just don’t have to begin from scratch.
Even in the event you don’t create an entire new course, work on including materials from outdoors the usual story into your courses in Ethics, Epistemology, Metaphysics, Thoughts, Political Philosophy, and so forth. Most of the above sources will assist in that regard, too, and that is, in some methods, an much more direct solution to increase the usual story and to make evident the way in which wherein philosophy actually is a topic that has been achieved by folks of all types and in every single place.
(4) Change the Official Story Your Division Tells – Undergraduate Degree
After you have recognized programs being supplied at your establishment that increase the usual story, or when you and your colleagues have elevated your data and created such programs, begin requiring your undergraduate and graduate college students to take these programs.
At many establishments, the Philosophy main is structured in order that philosophy majors need to take one thing like 11 or 12 complete philosophy programs, with 1 course in Logic, 1 course in Historical or Medieval Philosophy, 1 course in Trendy Philosophy, 2 programs in Metaphysics, Epistemology, or Language, 1 course in Ethical or Political Philosophy, after which 5 or 6 electives, unfold out over programs at various ranges. That is the essential sample at Rutgers, Penn, and NYU (the three philosophy departments that I’ve spent probably the most time in, but in addition three fairly totally different establishments), however it’s also just like some locations which have specialists on the Philosophy college who work on subjects outdoors the usual story, like Michigan. Typically, there’s a listing of programs on historic subjects that specifies which programs can depend as fulfilling the requirement, and that listing virtually all the time leaves off programs that aren’t a part of the usual story. At Michigan, for instance, these are the programs that depend for historical past:
At Rutgers, we considerably frequently provide programs on African, Latin American, and Native American Philosophy, Hindu Philosophy, Buddhist Philosophy, Islamic Philosophy, Jewish Philosophy, and Chinese language Philosophy, however these aren’t listed as programs that fulfill any of the philosophy main necessities.
Provided that many are very connected to all the pieces at the moment required as a part of the usual story, a simple preliminary suggestion can be so as to add in an extra requirement for a course from considered one of these different traditions, as soon as these programs are being supplied frequently sufficient at one’s establishment. Previous to that, I might counsel pushing in order that they’ll depend as other ways of fulfilling present necessities, however I do know that’s prone to engender extra controversy.
Having these programs both be required for the main or a minimum of depend for a serious requirement is important for altering the story. It additionally is important for creating a brand new era of philosophers with extra competence than those earlier than it with respect to work outdoors of the Anglo-European custom. In my expertise, these courses are additionally very talked-about and herald many college students who may not in any other case have been contemplating Philosophy as a area of examine.
Please, share within the feedback in the event you train at an establishment that has made modifications on this route!
(5) Change the Official Story Your Division Tells – Graduate Degree
Clearly, there are tens of 1000’s extra college students studying philosophy at an undergraduate stage than at a graduate stage. But when departments of philosophy are ever going to alter the story they inform at any form of scale, it would have to be by making it simpler to get a PhD in Philosophy whereas additionally engaged on philosophy from outdoors the usual story. That is additionally very important for creating philosophers who can work on these philosophical concepts and traditions as researchers, convey them into dialog with different philosophical work, and achieve this at a excessive stage of sophistication and competence, studying the related languages, and so forth.
An preliminary, considerably modest set of steps is to encourage MA and PhD college students to take up the primary suggestion, studying about philosophical work from outdoors the usual story in an space that’s an AOS or an AOC. They could do that through directed studying teams, instructing their very own programs on these subjects or TA-ing for programs that college train, or different mechanisms out of your program that assist to offer each time and help for these doing this. This has apparent non-instrumental advantages, however there additionally now could be a big demand for brand spanking new college with competence or experience in these areas. As Marcus Arvan documents, the variety of jobs in ‘Non-Western’ Philosophy was roughly half what it was for all of Thoughts, Language, Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Logic mixed. Creating an AOS and even an AOC in these areas would possibly actually assist college students on the job market.
In fact, to do work in these areas in a critical approach will probably be exhausting (even when not unattainable) to do with out extra direct professional advising. And there are only a few folks instructing in Philosophy PhD applications who’re consultants in these areas. This isn’t a trivial drawback, given the present composition of school at most PhD applications in North America, the UK, Australia, and so forth. Most such schools embody nobody who can advise a dissertation on these subjects or traditions. (To seek out these that may, or to seek out potential consultants to seek the advice of, you would possibly look to The Pluralist Guide for a few of these areas, or to the dialogue on Warp, Weft, and Manner regarding graduate programs in Chinese Philosophy.) And though departments might rent away consultants from a few of the different establishments on the market, this gained’t handle the general numbers drawback. (It nonetheless could be an vital sign to the career if extra ‘fancy’ PhD applications have been to do that.)
To deal with this concern, an apparent preliminary step is to look inside one’s establishment, as prompt above, to see if there’s experience on these philosophical subjects outdoors of the philosophy division.
An extra apparent subsequent step is to truly rent people who find themselves consultants and specialists on philosophy from outdoors the usual story. That’s not all the time attainable, after all, however when one sits round in a division assembly interested by what holes there are within the present program protection, one ought to begin to take these holes extra critically.
A considerably much less apparent step, however one which I feel deserves extra consideration and dialogue, is to rent (at sufficient compensation) consultants from different establishments to show mini-courses, give lectures, and maybe function outdoors advisors for college kids at one’s establishment.
The general suggestion right here is to do what one can to help PhD and MA college students in changing into consultants and competent lecturers with respect to philosophical work outdoors the usual story.
(6) Rent Folks Who Know Extra of the Story
As a few of the foregoing solutions point out, there are issues that individuals ought to do even when they’ll’t convey consultants in these areas into college roles of their division. However that’s clearly a superb factor to do if it’s a risk. Simply as it’s unattainable for many graduate applications to be wonderful of their protection of each single space of even the usual story, it gained’t be attainable for graduate applications to cowl all of those areas and philosophers. However departments can develop specializations and strengths in a few of them, and if a few of these are outdoors the usual story, that can do rather a lot to alter the notion of the division and the sector.
* * * * *
Many of those solutions ask for some effort and even sacrifice on the a part of present professors and graduate college students in philosophy. It’s price speaking concerning the causes to see this each as helpful and morally crucial. There are a number of causes, and they don’t compete, though they might differ within the diploma and nature of drive they supply.
The primary is already apparent, I might anticipate: if one of many essential causes we inform the story we do by our philosophy curriculum and necessities is solely historic racism, we should always do one thing about that. Persevering with to do nothing, to simply run out the very same philosophy curriculum and to supply college students with the very same restricted understanding of philosophy, is to each be complicit in that racism and to perpetuate it. Maybe one thinks that racism performs little or no function within the preliminary crafting of the story; it was, as a substitute, simply that individuals taught what they knew about and what was out there to them. That simply makes us doing nothing all the more severe. It’s then our racism—or culpable negligence, or one thing near that—that’s retaining the story alive. As a result of work from all these traditions is, at this level, comparatively simply out there to us.
That is the form of scolding motive. It’s additionally an issue: none of us prefer to be informed that we have to do something. That’s why we obtained into philosophy! It’s additionally a catastrophe! As a result of—in my expertise—each individual I’ve seen encounter concepts and arguments and thought experiments from these different traditions finds one thing there to be enthusiastic about. There’s one thing for everybody, whether or not one works in ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, thoughts, language, political, social, logic, or the rest.
And it’s not shocking that it’s thrilling. It gives a brand new dimension of curiosity and even a form of validation to see that individuals in significantly totally different sociohistorical circumstances may need additionally been interested by a few of the identical issues that maintain you up at night time. Comparative philosophy, whether or not throughout historical past or cultural distinction or each, is hard, and it’s simple to be too fast to see commonality even when the fact could be extra sophisticated. However it’s simple that there are numerous frequent questions and considerations, and plenty of apparently totally different and apparently related concepts and arguments.
And for these of us fascinated about philosophical concepts, there’s a extra primary form of pleasure: assembly one thing new and exquisite and probably bewildering that helps you perceive one thing you’re fascinated by and care about.
There are acquainted arguments that racism is inefficient: by solely contemplating folks from one racial group for hiring, for instance, one narrows one’s search in an arbitrary approach, lacking out on brilliance and skill for no good motive. Right here, too, within the quest for philosophical fact, racism is inefficient.
If you happen to suppose there are higher and worse solutions to philosophical questions, and even appropriate and incorrect solutions to them, some worries emerge with the dominance of the usual story. The “streetlight impact” is the identify of a form of observational or investigational bias that happens when persons are looking for one thing however look solely the place it’s best, reasonably than all of the locations the place the factor could be (primarily based on a narrative of a drunk individual trying underneath the streetlight for his keys, even when he’s fairly certain he left them within the enshadowed park throughout the road).
There are numerous causes to increase the story we inform about philosophy. However a essential motive is simply that the very best, most attention-grabbing, and even the proper solutions to philosophical questions that curiosity us could be discovered wherever. If we predict there are real solutions right here, we needs to be involved about parochialism. And we needs to be involved concerning the streetlight impact.
To be a division of philosophy, we should change the story we’re telling.
Associated: When Someone Suggests Expanding the Canon, Philosophical Diversity in U.S. Philosophy Departments, End Philosophical Protectionism, Two Models for Expanding The Canon, Bad Arguments Against Teaching Chinese Philosophy, Why Don’t We Study African Philosophy?
